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Nevertheless, there is a call to update these diagnostic methods for capturing new and emerging diverse viral species and their infections. However, most of the diagnostics methods used for viral detection and identification are expensive, time-consuming, and remain unsuitable for capturing emerging viruses. In this context, innovative techniques and methods are continuously being developed and applied in viral diagnostics. The application of specific and sensitive methods for accurate detection is, therefore, required for efficient and effective plant disease management. Therefore, early detection of the relevant causative agents represents the most crucial step to prevent the possible spread of the infectious disease. Presently, very few treatments are available to manage or cure plant viral infectious diseases under field conditions. Upon infection by a viral species, various symptoms, such as mosaic damage, yellowing, chlorosis, stunting, and necrosis are observed in infected plants, leading to loss of proper growth and reproductive functions of the plants. In the horizontal mode, spreading typically occurs through insect vectors, agricultural tools, as well as other direct or external forms of contamination. In the vertical mode, the passage of the infectious agent occurs through the parent plants, either through vegetative propagation or by sexual reproduction via infected seeds. Plant viral species are predominantly transmitted and spread by vertical and horizontal modes of transmission. Globally, more than twenty-five families of plant viruses are known to infect a variety of crop species, leading to higher economic losses. Therefore, viruses represent one of the major constraints in agricultural production worldwide by decreasing both the quality and quantity of food crops. In plants, among all the disease-causing pathogens, viruses present the substantial risk for agricultural production and have been reported to cause around half of the emergent infectious diseases among a variety of crop plants that cause about 40% of total crop losses upon viral infection. In general, viruses consist of a small genome that encodes only a few proteins, which makes it difficult to control viruses with a variety of methods. Viruses are the most genetically diverse organisms that cause infections in plants, animals, and humans. Current development and application of such tools and techniques along with their potential limitations in plant virology are likewise discussed in detail.
#EASE DIAGNOSTICS TORRENT PORTABLE#
New portable devices and technologies that could provide real-time analyses in a relatively short period of time are prime important for in-field diagnostics. This review discusses the recent progress in the use of NGS-based techniques for the detection, diagnosis, and identification of plant viral diseases. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based innovative methods have shown great potential to detect multiple viruses simultaneously however, such techniques are in the preliminary stages in plant viral disease diagnostics. However, there is growing interest in developing techniques that can be based in real-time and thus facilitate in-field diagnosis. Nucleic acid-based techniques that amplify target DNA/RNA have been evolved with many variants. Currently, serological and nucleic acid methods are the most widely used for plant viral diagnosis. With the advancements in biochemical and molecular biology techniques, several diagnostic methods with improved sensitivity and specificity for the detection of prevalent and/or unknown plant viruses are being continuously developed. For the effective treatment and prevention of viral diseases, there is great demand for new techniques that can provide accurate identification on the causative agents. Many viruses infecting several crops have been described in the literature however, new infectious viruses are emerging frequently through outbreaks. Plant viral diseases are the foremost threat to sustainable agriculture, leading to several billion dollars in losses every year.